提高北欧农业气候弹性的功能表型组学

实验植物学杂志，erac246https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac246

摘要 

五个北欧国家跨越了世界上最北部的农田种植区。这本身就带来了挑战，因为生长季节短，白天长，并且需要耐寒。气候变化还增加了微干旱和水涝的风险，以及病原体和害虫向北扩展的风险。因此，北欧农业需要适应特定北欧生长条件和未来气候情景的作物。注重对北欧农业重要的作物品种和特性，包括营养丰富的野生作物的独特资源，可以满足这些需求。事实上，由于气候变化，该地区未来的种植季节将更长，因此该地区可以在全球农业生产中做出更大的贡献。这也适用于其他北部地区，包括北极。为了应对当前的生长条件，缓解气候变化的影响，满足市场需求，必须提高在北纬度表现良好、气候适应性更强的作物的适应能力，并建立更好的作物管理系统。这需要功能表型组学方法，整合多功能高通量表型、生理学和生物信息学。本综述强调了关键目标性状、纬度研究的机会以及支持北欧农业表型分析的基础设施需求。

关键词：北极、气候变化、作物表型、功能表型、北欧农业、野生作物

歌本哈根大学安装的根系原位多光谱成像系统

SMO公司构建的WIWAM植物表型成像系统

Functional phenomics for improved climate resilience in Nordic agriculture

Thomas Roitsch, Kristiina Himanen, Aakash Chawade, Laura Jaakola, Ajit Nehe, Erik Alexandersson

Journal of Experimental Botany, erac246, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac246 

Abstract

The five Nordic countries span the most northern region for field cultivation in the world. This presents challenges per se, with short growing seasons, long days, and a need for frost tolerance. Climate change has additionally increased risks for micro-droughts and water logging, as well as pathogens and pests expanding northwards. Thus, Nordic agriculture demands crops that are adapted to the specific Nordic growth conditions and future climate scenarios. A focus on crop varieties and traits important to Nordic agriculture, including the unique resource of nutritious wild crops, can meet these needs. In fact, with a future longer growing season due to climate change, the region could contribute proportionally more to global agricultural production. This also applies to other northern regions, including the Arctic. To address current growth conditions, mitigate impacts of climate change, and meet market demands, the adaptive capacity of crops that both perform well in northern latitudes and are more climate resilient has to be increased, and better crop management systems need to be built. This requires functional phenomics approaches that integrate versatile high-throughput phenotyping, physiology, and bioinformatics. This review stresses key target traits, the opportunities of latitudinal studies, and infrastructure needs for phenotyping to support Nordic agriculture. 

Arctic, climate change, crop phenotyping, functional phenomics, Nordic agriculture, wild crops

Issue Section: Review Paper 

There is still little attention paid to the importance of root phenotyping in general which notably also applies to research for Nordic agriculture. Both above- and belowground phenotyping under Nordic field conditions will be important to measure crop biomass to assess the effect of biostimulants and the holobiont physiology, as well as carbon sequestration. Improved and automated root phenotyping will be relevant for winter hardiness and early vigour of the important Nordic breeding targets. So far there are two unique semi-field facilities, both in Denmark, to study roots in a Nordic environment: the Radimax facility enables large-scale screening for deep rooting in combination with direct root phenotyping (Svane et al., 2019), and the Rhizobox laboratory enables detailed studies of root growth and function, by having access to soil and roots up to a depth of 4 m (Thorup-Kristensen et al., 2020). Within the Radimax facility, roots are monitored in situ by multireflectance imaging. The user-friendly convolutional neural networks solution RootPainter has been developed for faster and more accurate root image analysis, thus significantly reducing the time required for root measurement (Han et al., 2021). With these approaches, root traits for deep nitrate uptake under Nordic conditions have been identified (Wacker et al., 2022). Such facilities could be used to test root establishment and uptake of nitrogen in cereals, which can be important to screen for winter varieties and vigour in general (S. Chen et al., 2019). Estimation of root biomass and depth can help in breeding of more drought-tolerant crops with increased nutrient uptake. Furthermore, a larger root system can increase the carbon sequestration potential and mitigate elevated CO2 levels (Kell, 2011). There is, however, a clear need for an advanced facility in the northern part of the Nordic agricultural region, as this would give a better understanding of root development and architecture in more extreme conditions. In addition to the identification of new adapted cultivars, adjustments of management practices such as sowing time might be required to better match the new climate conditions. In general, there is a need for HTP and precise phenotyping efforts evaluating the impact of different management practices.

AutomatedHTP in the PhenoLab at the University of Copenhagen allowsassessment of th impact of various abiotic environmental fac-tors including expected future CO2 levels on plant responses by multireflectance, fluorescence, and thermography (Pandey et al., 2021). Finally, the Umeå Plant Science Centre hosts aunique conveyor belt-driven tree phenotyping platform which automatically monitors and records growth parameters.