Dualex是一款源自于法国国家科学院 (CNRS)及巴黎第十一大学技术，由奥地利PESSL公司生产（原法国Force-A公司）开发的新型多功能叶片测量仪。它可同时准确测量叶片的叶绿素含量、叶片表层的类黄酮和花青素含量，适用于植物生理学和农学（如水稻叶绿素浓度，玉米氮素状况，葡萄藤等）相关研究。其测量对象可以是单子叶植物，双子叶植物或多年生植物。这款设备简单易用，可进a行实时和非破坏性测量。由于不需要校准标定和事先的样品制备，测量工作可在实验室或现场完成。此外，该设备在各种温度的和环境光照条件下均可进行简单、快速、无损测量叶片中的叶绿素、多酚以及花青素。

Dualex便携式智能气象-叶绿素-花青素-黄酮醇测量仪

摘要 

种子捕食中的胚胎损伤是一种常见现象，通常被认为相当于种子死亡。我们假设胚胎（胚根加胚芽）比例较大的种子对啮齿类动物的种子损伤具有更强的耐受性，从而使种子能够成功萌发。为了验证这一假设，我们通过比较完整和胚胎受损种子的传播模式以及它们在两种胚胎大小不同的橡树中出苗的生态生理反应，检查了发芽情况，并估计了胚胎受损种子对植株再生的贡献。我们的结果表明，两种橡树的胚胎大小与种子大小呈正相关，但其中一种（栎属）的胚胎比另一种（农业栎属）的胚胎长，表明胚胎大小存在种间差异。胚胎切除行为的概率（部分种子损伤以去除胚胎）与种子大小呈正相关，但所有大小的损伤强度相对恒定。胚胎比例较长的物种表现出更强的从胚胎损伤中再生的能力，因为较长的胚胎经历啮齿类动物对胚胎的总（致命）损伤的概率降低。种子大小和种内胚胎大小只会增加胚胎较短的物种的发芽成功率，从而使较大的种子避免完全的胚胎损伤。与胚胎受损种子相比，完整种子的幼苗表现更好（更大的植物生物量和更高的叶绿素和氮指数）。然而，胚胎受损种子的幼苗显示出较高的花青素含量，这可能是对种子受损的一种反应。完整和胚胎受损的橡子在啮齿类动物身上表现出相似的传播模式（例如种子贮藏行为和传播距离）。重要的是，对于胚胎受损的种子，啮齿类动物的种子回收率明显较低，使种子存活率更高，这支持胚胎切除行为是一种长期储存种子的策略的预期。我们的结论是，对胚胎损伤的耐受性是一种重要的繁殖策略，可以促进植物的繁殖。胚胎大小在种子对动物捕食的进化和生态反应中起着至关重要的作用。 

关键词：胚胎切除，发芽成功，啮齿动物种子捕食，种子传播，幼苗生理学，种子大小 

Embryo size as a tolerance trait against seed predation: Contribution of embryo-damaged seeds to plant regeneration 

Abstract 

Embryo damage in seed predation is a common occurrence and has been generally considered equivalent to seed death. We hypothesize that seeds with proportionally larger embryos (radicle plus plumule) provide greater tolerance to seed damage by rodents, allowing successful germination. To test this hypothesis, we examined germination and estimated the contribution of embryo-damaged seeds to plant regeneration by comparing the dispersal patterns of intact and embryo-damaged seeds and the ecophysiological responses of their emerged seedlings in two oak species of contrasting embryo size. Our results show that embryo size was positively correlated with seed size in both oak species, but one (Quercus lobata) had proportionally longer embryos than the other (Q. agrifolia), revealing inter-specific differences in embryo size. Probability of embryo excision behavior (partial seed damage to extirpate the embryo) was positively associated with seed size but intensity of damage was relatively constant across all sizes. The species with proportionally longer embryos showed a stronger capacity to regenerate from embryo damage because longer embryos experienced reduced probability of total (lethal) embryo damage by rodents. Seed size and thus intraspecific embryo size only increased germination success in the species with shorter embryos, allowing larger seeds to escape full embryo damage. Seedlings from intact seeds performed better (greater plant biomass and higher chlorophyll and nitrogen index) than those from embryo-damaged seeds. However, seedlings from embryo-damaged seeds showed higher anthocyanin content, a possible response to seed damage. Intact and embryo-damaged acorns showed similar dispersal patterns by rodents (e.g. seed caching behavior and dispersal distances). Importantly, seed retrieval by rodents was significantly lower for embryo-damaged seeds, allowing greater seed survival and supporting the expectation that embryo excision behavior is a strategy to store seeds for longer periods. We conclude that tolerance to embryo damage is an important reproductive strategy that enables plant recruitment. Embryo size could play a crucial role in the evolutionary and ecological responses of seeds to animal predation.

Keywords

Embryo excision

Germination success

Rodent seed predation

Seed dispersal

Seedling physiology

Seed size

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